A Wedge Between Two Kazakhstan's Output Measures: What Does It Tell Us, 2000, Lyaziza Sabyrova, RAKURS Center for Economic Analysis. Net Factor Payments account for the difference between the two most commonly-used measures of national output or income, the Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Income. Analysis of the Kazakhstan’s National Accounts and Balance of Payments data shows that starting from early 2000s, the wedge between these two measures (the GNI/GDP ratio) gets bigger. This indicates that a large, and an increasing, amount of income produced within the country, accrues to non-residents. International comparisons also point out that the recent Kazakhstan’s GNI/GDP ratios are among the lowest in the world, and that the rates of return on FDI in Kazakhstan are among the highest in the world.

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